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- <text id=94TT0884>
- <title>
- Jul. 04, 1994: Books:Substandard-Bearer
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1994
- Jul. 04, 1994 When Violence Hits Home
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- ARTS & MEDIA/BOOKS, Page 77
- Substandard-Bearer
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> The first of a three-volume lexicon of U.S. slang is a killer
- </p>
- <p>By Jesse Birnbaum
- </p>
- <p> What kind of cockamamie lingo is slang anyway? Samuel Johnson
- railed against it, complaining about the corrupting influence
- on the English language of what in his day was called cant.
- Daniel Defoe hated it. Noah Webster, in his 1828 American Dictionary,
- defined slang as "low, vulgar, unmeaning." And in all the years
- since, legions of teachers have tried to eradicate it.
- </p>
- <p> Well, forget about it, Bubby. Slang may be substandard, the
- stepsister of Standard English, but it has enlivened the language
- for centuries. It is so deeply embedded in the daily life of
- Americans that no amount of bad-mouthing or mouthwashing by
- box-headed double-domes, drelbs, brainos and chuckleheads can
- give it the bum's rush. Though it does not belong in "correct"
- literary or conventional usage, except when employed for effect,
- it is wonderfully expressive and endlessly inventive.
- </p>
- <p> It was an appreciation of slang's pungency that led Jonathan
- E. Lighter to begin collecting examples of street talk as a
- teenager. Now 45 and a research associate in the English department
- of the University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Lighter has launched
- the first of a planned three-volume Random House Historical
- Dictionary of American Slang ($50), 1,080 pages teeming with
- more than 20,000 entries and etymologies, along with an illuminating
- survey. Volume I runs from a (as in a pig's a) through g (as
- in gytch, v., to steal); the second installment is due in 1996,
- the third in 1997 (although this sort of timetable tends to
- be iffy).
- </p>
- <p> Lighter observes that distinctions between "good" and "bad"
- English were virtually nonexistent before the mid-17th century,
- when the first dictionaries were issued. Words and phrases that
- are today considered vulgar expressions for bodily and sexual
- functions were once common currency among men and women of all
- classes. The King James version of the Bible referred in Leviticus
- to "stones" (for testicles); the Second Book of Kings used the
- common four-letter word for urine. Chaucer deployed 200 separate
- oaths in Canterbury Tales. And did anybody give a fiddler's
- intercourse about the proprieties? Dreck no! There weren't any
- proprieties. Everybody was vulgar; so nobody was vulgar.
- </p>
- <p> It was with the onset of the English Restoration in 1660, when
- public literacy began to flower, that notions about the language
- started to change. The criminal classes and otherwise illiterate
- people evolved their own argot to serve as both a private code
- and a subversive nose-thumbing at the Establishment, and it
- was to guard against this verbal pollution that writers and
- critics like Johnson tried to formulate proscriptions aimed
- at purifying "the King's English."
- </p>
- <p> It didn't work, and slang has gone garbonzo ever since. In the
- U.S. alone, thousands of vivid new words--from the rude to
- the crude to the lewd--have slipped into (some would say assaulted)
- the language. Most of the new vocabulary has come from discrete
- groups for whom a special jargon affords status and protection:
- students (barf), blacks (jazz, originally to copulate), the
- military (blow it out your barracks bag), alcohol user (crocked),
- drug user (crackhead) and the underworld (grifter).
- </p>
- <p> Some modern terms are not as new as one might think. Teenagers
- who grope (fondle) may be surprised to learn that lovers were
- groping in the 14th century. Blacks who believe that bad (for
- good) is freshly minted will find its coinage dates to 1897.
- In early-18th century England, a female prostitute was gay;
- not until the 1930s did gay begin to become associated with
- male homosexuality.
- </p>
- <p> Other slang words are truly contemporary. Robert Bork, the hapless
- federal judge who got clobbered by political opponents when
- he was nominated to the U.S. Supreme Court, may take some grudging
- satisfaction in finding himself memorialized as a verb: to bork
- is to "attack systematically, especially in the media." Granny
- dumping, "the abandonment of an elderly person," is another
- term of recent vintage (1991).
- </p>
- <p> Inevitably, the bulk of Lighter's entries is concerned with
- scatology, illicit behavior, drunkenness, sex and genitalia.
- About 12 pages are given over to what is undoubtedly the most
- frequently used obscenity in the English tongue, the ever versatile
- F word. No other slang expression approaches it in its variety
- of permutation, application, hyphenation and intensification
- (e.g., unf***ingbelievable). In its earliest recorded
- use (late 15th century), this word was possibly already taboo,
- says Lighter, who found it in a rhyming couplet written in cipher.
- The dictionary is rife with other synonyms for copulation; some
- are splendidly ingenious (for example, to have one's greens);
- most, however, are unprintable.
- </p>
- <p> The human backside also gets a dozen pages. It is instructive
- to realize that a man can be so stupid that he doesn't know
- his a** from a musket (earliest citation, 1862), his elbow,
- a hole in the ground, a stalk of bananas, a hot rock, Mammoth
- Cave, a hole in the wall, third base, his left foot, pork sausage,
- the back side of a checkerboard, ice cream or a pitchfork.
- </p>
- <p> Phrases like these--or worse--will probably never enter
- the realm of polite discourse, and perhaps that is just as well.
- Still, some instances of slang can gain such acceptance that
- they become useful as colloquialisms and even enter Standard
- English over time--for example, blizzard, disk jockey and
- gadget.
- </p>
- <p> This lexicon is a remarkable demonstration of the resilience
- and resourcefulness of English as it constantly enriches and
- renews itself. Volume I is galluptious testimony to this. The
- completed work promises to be one gollywhopper of a dictionary.
- </p>
- <p> Some samples:
- </p>
- <p> barber v. to talk tediously and at length; to gossip idly
- </p>
- <p> Arkansas wedding cake n. corn bread
- </p>
- <p> catawampus adj. ferocious or impressive
- </p>
- <p> drop a dime Esp. underworld, to place a telephone call; (specif.)
- to inform on someone by making a phone call to police; (hence)
- to inform or betray
- </p>
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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